Romanesque And Gothic Architecture As 90821 - Mckenzie Henare

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture AS 90821 - McKenzie Henare Catholicism expresses its faith and relationship with God through many techniques whether it be art, teachings, scriptures or architecture. Extravagant cathedrals built show our relationship and faith in God. But when theories and ideas about why the styles are what they are. There was a time where the original Romanesque architecture became outdated and Gothic architecture was the new style that showed our faith and relationship with God. Reasons for the extreme change include social reasons, technological reasons and theological reasons. Social Reasons Social reasons include the prosperity and property boom of the middle ages which range between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. Growth in agriculture was caused by the unproductive land being bought and developed into land that could produce masses of income. Swamps were drained and forests and bushland cut down to increase space for business, buildings and expansion of society. The order of the Cistercians is highly known as the influence that encouraged barren lands to be cultivated, it was the monks that fulfilled these orders. Advancements in agricultural tools replace manual labour, such as the double edged plow completed the job in half the time a manual labourer would. Due to the increasing amount of land and agriculture lead to the boom of growth of towns. Obviously the natural spark of business arises and towns become overrun with people

Benefits Of Being A Bachelor Degree Essay - 1711 Words

Introduction Americans are always trying to live better than the next person, have more materialistic items, along with being seen as successful. People are creatures of habit and we always want to do better than the generation before us. But that has required the average person to work harder with longer hours. Education is essential, but to what level is it important? Having a bachelors degree used to be the norm, but as society changes and people’s perceptions change, one needs to at least one graduate degree with some specialized training or certifications. With more education, it can quickly changing the paths of how people are placed into managerial roles. With all that being said, when is one to have time for leisure activities, family, and relaxation? How do we fit all this into a day when work requires at least 8 hours of our time, not to mention some people who commute? Commuting can lead to additional time away from our daily life. When one thinks of work-life balance, on e needs to determine what that means for them. Each person has an opinion of areas that are more and less important, but this is where it needs to fit the individual. â€Å"Work-Life Balance is not a problem to be solved. It is an issue to be managed,† according to Jim Bird, CEO of Worklifebalance.com (Bird, n.d.). The best way for companies to assist the employee achieve a work-life balance is through work-life training programs. Success at work is just a portion of work-life balance.Show MoreRelatedCollege Should Take At Least A Few College Classes1451 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone, even for those who did not go to a college right after high school. College might not be a top priority in everyone s life. Even though it may not be a top priority, going to college is a very selfless act in which the national community benefits from. 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Safeguarding Children Emotional Maltreatment

Question: Describe about the Safeguarding Children from Emotional Maltreatment? Answer: Introduction Quality is an essential component in health and social care services. This is very important for the stakeholders and other users. In the United Kingdom, Health and social care is the integrated services which are available from health and social care providers. In United Kingdom and Canada heath and social care are known as Human Services. Health and social care are the combined fundamentals of sociology, biology, nutrition, law and ethics. Health and social care students always have a work placement for them besides their studies in such places like nursery, residential home, hospitals etc. Stakeholdersare the persons who have something to gain or lose during the result of a planning process, programme or project. There are different perspectives and consideration in the way where service and quality may improve. There are also many methods which can be used in different perspectives for the development of the service objectives. The managing quality and service quality for the health and social care also need to be improved. Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has focused on the possible solution to the health care crisis. The Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust must also focus on the desires of their patients by improvement of the services.(Kelly, 2007) Perspectives of stakeholders in health and social care regarding quality Stakeholders are the individuals who are involved in the action course of the organization. Patients are the part of stakeholder group because both of them pay for the health care system and both are the end users. The comfort of health care organizations, medical professionals and other health care providers can be reflected by the various government bodies. It is significant to identify the qualities of the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust staffs and perspectives of their services.(Hensley, 2012) In simple words quality is fitness for purpose and also aims in meeting with service users requirements. It is important to make sure that quality meets the services as desired by the organization. Thus, it is the duty of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust to discover the qualities of service provided by them because if the trust providing extra services does not mean that it is improving the service quality of the organization. Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust must ensure that the services they provide are good and useful for the patients. Stakeholders can be the external agencies in Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust. There are many organizations in the United Kingdom like Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust which are known as regulators. These organizations are set to protect the public in order to make sure that they surely meet the standards set by the relevant regulator.(ROYAL UNITED HOSPITAL, BATH., 1924) The organizations such like Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust have a system for measuring their standards. In this case, Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust cares for around 500,000 people in surrounding towns and villages of North East. The trust provides 595 beds and some comprehensive ranges of services. This service includes surgery, medicines, special women and child care services, accident and emergency services etc. The Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has 4600 staffs approx and the budget of the trust is around230 million. Recently the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has created one Intensive Support Team (ECIST) for change in services and better improvements in patient admissions and discharge. All these qualities can attract the stakeholders both internal and external. Stakeholder perspectives from Patients Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has mentioned that the patient community is good. The trust management also mentioned that there is a wide range of consumer and patient perceptions of values. The difference of patient and consumer is significant as the patient is only an active undergoing from a course of treatment for a particular illness. It has been explained that patients often perceived and believe that more medical care and newer treatments are always better. People generally do not question about the quality of care which they receive. It has been found out that the patients do not believe the fact that the doctors they choose may be inefficient or ineffective. In recent poll by the National Business Group on Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust it has found that 72% of their employees surveyed through doctors were very trustworthy. In this case, Patients of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust received safe and effective care from the doctors, nurses, and other staffs. Surgical services were also safe and secure, as like, the infection rates were similar to those of other trusts. Patients were being treated according to national guidelines and clinical outcomes for them were good. Patients confirmed that the staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust were caring and all the patient were treated with self-respect. Doctors and staffs services were more receptive to patients. The needs and the trust had made changes to improve the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust. The trust providing seven-day services, new models of care, and also medicine and surgery had declared that patients were receiving quick and effective treatment and their length of stay in hospital deducted.(Lopes et al., 2015) Role of external agencies in setting standards Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has set their standards in the United Kingdom to be able to carry out their practice. Without registration, working will be a crime for the organization. All these registers are open to the public and public can make sure that person is registered or not. Professionals, clinicians and others whose work is informed by the traditional bodies of knowledge must need to be aware of the need for continuous personal developments in the health and social care department. All care and services must work according to the standards and must have a system for calculate that whether it is meeting to the standards of not. The health care system has their audit which helps in checking the quality standards meeting to the services or not. Social services have their separate inspection units which register and inspect all the services. All the organization of health and social care like Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust must use a system for monitoring on how their services are being delivered. Different parts of the system and external agencies needs to work together as a part of culture of open and honest cooperation for identification of serious quality failures and necessary steps for prevention of the failures. Care Quality Commission this is a health and social care regulator of England. They provide regulates by the NHS, authorities, companies, and voluntary organizations. They also protect interests of people with restricted rights under the Mental Health Act. (Care Quality Commission, 2009) Social care institute for excellence (SCIE) this institute has recognized and spread knowledge of good practice into the social care for support the transformed delivery.(Cass, 2009) The national institute of health and clinical excellence (NICE) this institute provides guidance and their set quality standards and also manages a national database for improve the health care for the people. (Bryan, 2009) Impact of poor service quality on health and social care stakeholders The setting of health and social care quality needs to be managed effectively otherwise it can lead to serious penalty. The most important part is the health which could suffer due to improper management. The improper planning and ineffective assignment of quality in health and social care will result in the inability to meet the needs of people. This means the local targets will not be achieved. This could mean the pleasure of patient will reduce and the expectations will not be full filled.(Hurst, 2009) If the quality is not managed appropriately then it will bound to create an impact significantly on the three basic criteria. This will lead to the poor clinical success. This will also guide into poor result in terms of patient experiences. The regulatory bodies find that providers are not meeting the standards. Thus, it is required to improve the enforcement power which they can use. This power includes warning notices, penalties, suspensions etc. Trained providers and healthcare professionals also have a liability to transport training in a safe and effectual way in line with the standards set by the professional regulators. Professional regulators have an interest where the quality of training may put patients at risk. Thus, Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust should provide quality services in order to enhance their performance. The poor service will not only impact on the customers but also on the other stakeholders as they may experience bad experience and the image of the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust will decline.(Williams, 2003) Potential barriers to delivery of quality service Patient values hasnt communicated If the employees of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust have never been taught the values of patients for their trust, the employees will not understand how to treat them. The employees must have to be aware of the values of patients in their trust which will help them to take care of their patients. Staffing level of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust was safe, but the trust needs to improve in the critical care and neonatal units. Incident reporting of staffs had improved but information was not shared effectively so that staff could learn from slip-ups. Patients were watched over, but more staffs need appropriate safeguarding training to protect children, and some staff needed a clearer understanding about the rights to freedom of patients who are at risk of nomadic. Staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust were caring, but at busy times in busy areas, such as admission and short stay wards, patients care needs were not always being met by the staffs. Patients encountered the problems of long waiting times for some premeditated surgeries and outpatient arrangements, and there were release delays for some patients with complex needs.(Gordon and Conti, 2010) Apathy among the staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust Health and care authority of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has described an effective working relationship with a small minority of doctors but high degree of apathy among majority. The staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust may feel that something can be unnecessary to change or improve something because the person can feel satisfied about the service of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust. That person can assume that change in things is not necessary for the trust. This confirms in the mind of staffs that what they are currently doing is fine and there is no need for improvement. Overworked Staff of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust Overwork can be cause for understaffing, layoffs, rapid growth or assignment of too many tasks to too many people. The result for this problem can be the staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust will lose their energy in very short time and they will be stretched too thin and no single client will appear as a priority to them. Since representatives can have many difficulties towards the patients for serve, skipping any steeps, and this will result in frustrations for their patients and stakeholders will receive insufficient attention for their issues which can be serious sometimes. Therefore, no easy way is available to solve this problem. The Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust management have to hire more people and outsources for their patients and stakeholder service plan.(Brown et al., 1995) Underworked Staffs of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust The exact opposite can take place and have a similar effect on the patients and stakeholders. If the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust staffs will remain underworked, the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust will encounter fewer challenges. This can cause under-appreciation and unimportance. The works of their staffs can have the habits of expanding for fitting of their allotted timeframes. For this reason, the staffs whose are underworked cannot handle the turnaround time given to them and for this; the patients and stakeholders will be frustrated. (Yasuda et al., 2015) Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust has to ensure their staffs by an adequate amount of works. The management of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust can challenge and extend their staffs in some cases. Approaches to implementing quality systems Improving the health care in care homes can be executed by understanding the causes of healthcare provisions. In order to do this it is needed to discover what actually occurs when a care home or trust needs healthcare for the process took place in the problems. It is needed to understand the fundamental facilities and barriers in the proposal could be made for the design of future provisions. (Kerns and McBournie, 2002) Methodological approaches for improving quality system of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust: Improvement of the patients values of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust The Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust needs to engage with staffs in lower pay bands that spend much time with patients such like cleaners. The trust needed to improve their quality and procedures to improve more of their staff care to the patients, values of patients, safeguarding training to protect children, clearer understanding about the rights to freedom of patients etc. Services of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust staffs were more responsive to their patients needs and the trust had made changes to improve how it handled and responded to complaints. The trust is progressing in providing a seven-day service, as long as new models of care in AE, and also in medicine and surgery departments. This means patients were receiving quick and effective treatment and their length of stay in hospital was reduced. The environment of different wards, firstly, Combe Ward and second neonatal unit, had been redesigned and refurbished to reduce anxiety and improvement in the comfort of p atients with dementia of children and parents.(Haefliger et al., 2011) Apathy approach In this approach, for of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust need to improve their staffs in order to make them feel that improvement is necessary to change something in their services. The staffs must have to be sure that what they are doing is not enough, and they have to provide more services to the patients. By doing this they can improve the service quality of the trust surely. Overworked Staff approach The management of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust must have to be aware of that their staffs must not be overworked which will improve the service of the trust and patients will not feel frustrated by the service of trust.(Meneguin and Cesar, 2012) Underworked Staffs approach The management of the Trust also have to be aware of that their staffs must not be underworked which will improve the service of the trust and patients will not feel frustrated by the service of trust. Evaluation of Effectiveness of systems and service The trust provides many service s to their patients some of the main services of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust are mentioned bellow: Patient safety the patients of the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust receive safe and care protection from the staffs of the trust. Services had changed to manage their patients. The trust has been able to win the heart of the stakeholders and patients. Infection rates were same to the other trusts (Sanchez, 2012). Cleanliness and infection control the patients of trust has been protected from the risk of infection. The trust infection rate ware an acceptable range and similar to the other trusts. From the survey of NHS staffs in 2012 it has been found that the all wards are cleaned and the patients visitors were properly guided on prevention from infections.(Ma, 2012) Medicine management The medicines were prescribed, administrated and stored properly in the NHS Trust. There were only few examples when it did not occur.(Boyd, 2013) Safeguardingthe NHS staffs are aware of protecting patients from abuse. However, many of the staffs have no training regarding this issue. (Barlow and McMillan, 2010) Seven day working service The trust developing seven day working plan for staffing and services for the patients and stakeholders. This plan has executed for improvement in outcomes for patients. There are also similar plans like this into other trusts. Children care Children receives safe and effective care in the childrens sector. The arrangements of staffs are flexibility to meet the needs of children and care for children and special treatment for children followed by the staffs. The parent of the children has admitted that the staffs and are caring and attentive. (Hewitt-Taylor, 2008) Accident and emergency the patients has admitted that they were satisfied with the pain relief which they had received. Staff were able to describe the methods which used in pain relief were very good. Surgery the patients have admitted also that they have received safe and effective surgical care. The reporting of incidents to learn from mistakes ware improving. The equipment which used in the surgeries well available in the section.(Alter, 2009) Factors influence the achievement of quality The patients, carers, parents and advocates of sick patients should have to input into the all the health services of NHS trust. They should be consulted about the services and they should be involved in the designs of those services. They have to help to set the standards by which services are created. The patients should have to involve in the decision making about their own health care. Patients should be involved in the designing services of NHS. All these strategies could be used in the process of improvement of service users and achievement of quality.(Zuger, 2007) Suggestion For improving the surgery service of the NHS trust because this is the most critical service for any trust or hospital. For improvement in surgery the trust can use high technology tools for their operations and also can use latest technologies in their operation. Surgical services of NHS were improving but needed to be more responsive to patients needs. The trust have to plan for reduce waiting times based on the surgery or clinical need of patients rather However, senior staff in the main operating theatres. Though, the patients have admitted that they were satisfied with the pain relief which they had received. But Staff needs to able describe the methods which used in pain relief were very good make the patients more satisfy with the services. (Alter, 2009) Methods for evaluating quality Questionnaires should be made and given to the patients to fill in their own time. By doing this the management could get fair and honest opinions from their patients about their service position. Another way is to perform groups and interviews for collecting the information about the services of the NHS Trust. Feedback forms can be another good idea for the exact measures of calculates the qualities of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust. The quality of the trust will not improve by the inspection only but the management must have to build into the people and process carrying out the work of organization.(Drewry, 2012) Impact of involving users of services There are two processes to work and involve both people who are providing services and also who are using the services.(Whittingham, Barnes and Gardiner, 2013) Patients, carers, parents of the sick people can have their inputs in the health service. They can be consulted about the services and making possible standards. Patients should be involved in the decision making of their own health care. Patients should be involved in the service and developing services of the NHS trust. Conclusion From the above discussions it is clear that the Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust services are well but the management of Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust should look into the process of more improvement of their services to the patients and stakeholders. The NHS trust has to improve the quality of their staffs for better improvement in the trust. References Alter, J. (2009). Surgery. Ann Arbor, MI: Cherry Lake Pub. Barlow, J. and McMillan, A. (2010).Safeguarding children from emotional maltreatment. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Boyd, C. (2013). Medicine management skills for nurses.Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Brown, D., Myers, E., Johnson, B. and Sloat, S. (1995). Changes in Perceived Satisfaction of Patients, Nursing Staff, and Dietetics Staff When Dietetics Staff Pass Patient Meal Trays.Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95(9), p.A38. Bryan, S. (2009). Balancing Cost-Effectiveness with other Values: Experiences of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).Das Gesundheitswesen, 71(S 01), pp.S30-S33. Care Quality Commission. (2009). Nursing Standard, 23(42), pp.30-30. Cass, E. (2009). A profile of Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE).The Jnl of Adult Protection, 11(3), pp.30-34. Drewry, K. (2012). Sheffields nurse-led heart failure clinic: the patients opinions. British Journal of Cardiology. Gordon, E. and Conti, D. (2010). The Quality of Health Insurance Service Delivery for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Patient Perspective. American Journal of Transplantation, 10(10), pp.2208-2214. Haefliger, I., Keskinaslan, I., Piffaretti, J. and Pimentel, A. (2011).Improvement of Chronic Epiphora Symptoms after Surgery in Patients with Different Preoperative Schirmer-Test Values.KlinischeMonatsbltter fr Augenheilkunde, 228(04), pp.318-321. Hensley, M. (2012).Perspectives of Mental Health Stakeholders on Health Care Reform.Journal of Policy Practice, 11(3), pp.178-191. Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2008). Children with complex and continuing health needs. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Hurst, K. (2009). Health service staffing and service quality.International J Health Care QA, 22(6). Kelly, D. (2007). Managing change in social care services.Journal of Care Services Management, 1(2), pp.129-135. Kerns, M. and McBournie, S. (2002). Medication Safety: Implementing a Systems Approach in a Rural Hospital. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 24(4), pp.30-34. Lopes, E., Street, J., Carter, D. and Merlin, T. (2015).Involving patients in health technology funding decisions: stakeholder perspectives on processes used in Australia.Health Expectations, p.n/a-n/a. Ma, Y. (2012).Quantitative Evaluation of Environmental Surface Cleanliness in Pediatrics Intensive Care Unit.American Journal of Infection Control, 40(5), p.e133. Meneguin, S. and Cesar, L. (2012). Motivation and frustration in cardiology trial participation: The patient perspective. Clinics, 67(6), pp.603-607. ROYAL UNITED HOSPITAL, BATH. (1924). The Lancet, 203(5256), pp.1078-1079. Sanchez, J. (2012). Patient safety. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders. Whittingham, K., Barnes, S. and Gardiner, C. (2013). Tools to measure quality of life and carer burden in informal carers of heart failure patients: A narrative review. Palliative Medicine, 27(7), pp.596-607. Williams, M. (2003).Financial management. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. General Accounting Office. Yasuda, H., Fujiwara, N., Ishizaki, Y. and Komatsu, N. (2015). Anemia attributed to vitamin B6 deficiency in post-pancreaticoduodenectomy patients. Pancreatology, 15(1), pp.81-83. Zuger, A. (2007). Sick Patients, Sicker System. Health Affairs, 26(6), pp.1781-1782.

Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 Essay Example For Students

Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 Essay Why We Should Keep the Drinking Age at Twenty-oneBy Barry T. HellmanEnglish 116, section 6Dr. Budler11 May 2000 Imagine winning the State Basketball Championship. You get back to your house with a few friends and feel a party is in order, so you start drinking a few beers after your parents go to bed. Someone suggests that you drive somewhere to get rid of the empty cans. ?Yes, thats not a bad idea?, so you all pile into the car and take off. A few hours later, your parents receive a telephone call to come down to the station. There has been a terrible accident, and they must identify the body. This is the one phone call all parents dread. This true story is detailed in the Germantown, Tennessee high school newspaper. Stories like this compel me to believe that the legal drinking age should be kept at twenty-one. We will write a custom essay on Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Almost every state set a legal drinking age of twenty-one, the legal voting age at the time, after prohibition was repealed. Between 1970 and 1975, twenty-nine states lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, twenty-nine states also lowered their drinking age to eighteen or nineteen. During the late seventies, studies showed that traffic crashes had drastically increased after lowering the drinking age. Once this was announced publicly, many groups created a movement to increase the minimal drinking age, and sixteen states responded. The Uniform Drinking Act was passed in 1984. This strongly encouraged the remaining thirteen states to raise their drinking age. If the states would not agree to do so by 1987, the government said that it would cut highway funding (Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs). Many would argue that when the drinking age were set at twenty-one, there is an unavoidably huge increase in alcohol use when youths, turning twenty-one, ?make up for lost time.? However, a study done by Alexander Wagenaar and PM OMalley found that when the minimum drinking age was twenty-one, there was a lower use of alcohol after they turn twenty-one. One of the largest arguments in favor of lowering the drinking age is the use of Europe as a comparison. Where as in Europe, where there isnt a prescribed legal age for drinking, the age for obtaining a drivers license is eighteen. Sixteen is the average age for obtaining a license. This lower age for driving in combination with the lowered drinking age incurs a rise in traffic accidents and even death. Drinking before twenty-one causes more deaths than illnesses. On the other hand, those countries have their share of alcohol problems. The rate of alcohol-related diseases such as cirrhosis to the liver is the same, if not higher, as in the United States. Also drunk driving among youth in Europe is lower, but only because the legal driving age in most European countries is higher. Furthermore the use of public transportation is greater in Europe, where as in the United States fewer people take advantage of public transportation. Public transportation is either frowned upon or not avai lable. It is also argued that even though the legal drinking age is at twenty-one, many youths still can easily obtain and drink alcohol, so the current drinking age doesnt work. It stands to reason to conclude that if the drinking age were lowered to eighteen, even younger children would be using alcohol. This therefore, would have adverse affects on our society, not a positive affect. Because its illegal for people under twenty-one, many of those people dont drink. Lowering the drinking age would increase alcohol problems among teens, even at an earlier age. (Wagenaar and co. article, page 2)My opinion is further supported by the Correlation between underage drinking and alcohol abuse. Scientists of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism have said that teens that begin drinking before the age of fifteen are four times more likely to become alcoholics. The same institute also found that alcohol abuse doubles, in those who start drinking before the age of fifteen compared to those who first begin drinking at age twenty-one. Continuing, they found that twenty-five percent of those who began drinking before the age of seventeen went on to become alcoholics. .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .postImageUrl , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:visited , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:active { border:0!important; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:active , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Portrayal of Reality in Great Gatsby EssayFurthermore, most studies show an increase in traffic accidents, and even deaths, among youths when the drinking age was lower. The Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs also states that the result of lowering the drinking age caused a five to twenty percent increase in the number of fatal injury-causing crashes ?likely to involve alcohol, such as single-vehicle accidents occurring late at night? Alcohol use is typically reported in one-fifth to two-thirds of these problems; youth drowning, vandalism, assaults, suicides, and teenage pregnancies (Toomey, Rosenfeld, and Wagenaar 3). Besides accidents, there is also an association between alcohol abuse and suicide. Between one-third and two-thirds of adolescent suicide victims have a measurable blood alcohol level. A study of suicides from 1970 to 1990, done by Johanna Birckmeyer and David Hemenway, found that the suicide rates of eighteen to twenty year olds living in states with a drinking age of eighteen was eight percent higher than in states with a drinking age of twenty-one. The last point to consider is that when the drinking age was lowered to eighteen or nineteen an increase in traffic accidents occurred. Drinking before twenty-one causes more death than illnesses. It seems to me that there is little valid argument against leaving the legal drinking age at twenty-one. Auto accidents, suicides, illnesses early drivers licences varying cultures, and alcoholism are all reasons in favor of maintaining a legal drinking age of twenty-one Too much, too soon, kills!Works CitedBirckmayer, Johanna; Hememway, David. ?Minimum-age drinking laws and youth suicide, 1970-1990.? American Journal of Public Health (1999). 29 April 2000. Bower, B. ?Alcoholism shows its youthful side.? Science news 26 April 00Quigley, Loria, et al. Drinking among young adults. Alcohol Health and Research World. April 00:p185-191. Sherman, Laura. ?Tragedy After An Enormous Accomplishment.? Germantown High School News. 4-15-99Toomey, Rosenfield, and Wager. Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs. New York 1995Toomey, Rosenfield, and Wager. The minimum legal drinking age: history, effectiveness, and ongoing debate. Alcohol Health and Research World, 4-28-00 p213(5)Wagenaar,Alexander, et al. Deterring sales and provision of alcohol to minors: a study of enforcement in 295 countires in four states. Public health Reports. April 00: p185-191. Bibliographyalready in the paper, the works citedEnglish Essays

Accrued Revenues Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Accrued Revenues Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Accrued Revenues Accrued revenues, according to AccountingCoach (2015), are fees and interest that have been earned and sales that occurred, but they have not yet been recorded through the normal invoicing paperwork. When accrued revenues occur and need to be recorded, they require an adjusted entry. The adjusted entry for the accrued revenue is required so that the revenue is recorded in the time period it was earned in accordance with the revenue recognition principle. If the adjusted entry did not occur for the revenue it would cause the revenue for the time period it was earned to be understated and the revenue for the time period it was received to be overstated. An example of accrued revenue would be a doctor waiting for payment from an insurance company. In this example, the doctor provided a patient with health care service on December 28th that totaled $300. The doctor then billed the patients insurance on December 28th but did not receive payment for the services provided until January 10th. Since the doctors financial year ended on December 31st, the doctor must record the revenue on December 28th so that the revenue is recognized in the period that it was earned. AccountingCoach. (2015). What are accrued revenues and when are they recorded?. Retrieved from accountingcoach.com/blog/accrued-revenues

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan

Prometheus - Profile of the Greek Titan Prometheus DetailsPrometheus Profile Who Is Prometheus?: Prometheus is one of the Titans from Greek mythology. He helped create (and then befriend) mankind. He gave humans the gift of fire even though he knew Zeus would not approve. As a result of this gift, Prometheus was punished as only an immortal could be. Family of Origin: Iapetus the Titan was the father of Prometheus and Clymene the Oceanid was his mother. The Titans Roman Equivalent: Prometheus was also called Prometheus by the Romans. Attributes: Prometheus is often shown chained, with an eagle plucking out his liver or his heart. This was the punishment he suffered as a result of defying Zeus. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver grew back every day, so the eagle could have feasted on it daily for eternity. Powers: Prometheus had the power of forethought. His brother, Epimetheus, had the gift of afterthought. Prometheus created man from water and earth. He stole skills and fire from the gods to give to man. Sources: Ancient sources for Prometheus include: Aeschylus, Apollodorus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Hesiod, Hyginus, Nonnius, Plato, and Strabo.

JP Morgan chase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JP Morgan chase - Essay Example fically concerned with safeguarding against fraud, maintaining fair dealing, and encouraging the revealing of significant market associated information. These agencies also prohibit the buying of stock shares with limited finances to pay for them (Seligman, 2003). In addition, the administrative agencies instigate supervision and registration of stockbrokers and securities markets, prohibits unfair utilization of private information in stock sales, and establishes regulations against proxies. In addition, the administration agencies require that organizations providing securities make complete public revelation of all appropriate information. For instance, the commissioners and chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission are charged with the responsibility for making sure that investment corporations, dealers or brokers in securities, publicly owned companies, and other parties in the securities and banking sectors conform to federal securities law. These laws are meant to assist the public investors make knowledgeable investment decisions and analysis by guaranteeing proper revelation of material details. In addition, an administrative agency, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission is solely interested with ensuring that the prospectus documents and registration statement have the details indispensable for probable investors to make adequate decisions. These agencies also have the power to instigate legal sentences against banks or companies if th e materials have outright falsehoods, solemn omissions, or misleading information (Capatides, 1992). An offer may be written or oral as long as the law does not need it to be written. An offer is the recognized overt act or expression which initiates the contract. A contract is compelled to have a proposal by one of the participants and should be accepted by another. It is what is offered to a different person for the give back of that individual’s assurance to act (Barnett,  2003). The offer

Unforeseen Challenges Facing Entrepreneurs in the UAE Research Paper

Unforeseen Challenges Facing Entrepreneurs in the UAE - Research Paper Example Suggestively, this particular mechanism can be regarded as effective in dealing with this unforeseen challenge (Hoque, 2013). Additionally, taking examples of entrepreneurship strategies applied by successful entrepreneurs in UAE may also contribute to the forecasting ability of these professionals, which can only be possible through practical experiences in the field (Drucker, 2012). Raising capital for the setup When focusing on the Emirati entrepreneurship trends, it can be observed that in comparison to male entrepreneurs, female entrepreneurs have to face significant challenges in terms of capital generation, where their association with smaller business ideas and limited demand for products, increases their obstacles considerably (Kargwell & Inguva, 2012). The only key to solve this problem, entrepreneurs must be adequately aware of the government funding sources made available in support for small entrepreneurs in the UAE. ... Cultural divergences and the currently observed alterations in the Emirati society can be signified as a major constituent in causing this particular challenge for the entrepreneurs (Malit Jr & Oliver, 2013). Contextually, understanding the cultural dimensions, various societal forces affecting the labor market and employees’ motivational needs must be considered as essential for skilled entrepreneurs in UAE to contribute to the efficiency of entrepreneurs in managing the team more efficiently (Drucker, 2012). Finding the right business location In UAE, national entrepreneurs are recently facing this challenge owing to a substantial rise in the competition level from the global plethora, as a consequence of the sudden increase in the penetration of international entrepreneurs (Malit Jr & Oliver, 2013). In this regard, the government should ensure that the skilled small Emirati entrepreneurs are able to obtain adequate support in developing their physical infrastructure and als o take due measures to imbibe technological advancements, which will offer them competitive advantages over the international players. In addition, entrepreneurs from the medium and large-sized business sectors in the UAE should also be encouraged to come forward and support small entrepreneurs so that the location barriers are mitigated substantially. Finding the right employees As employees are the key strengths and pillars of any business, it is very difficult and meticulous work to find right and trustworthy employees who can understand and deliver their committed services to establish a new set up (Cappelli, 2013).  Ã‚  

Government Intervention Essay Example for Free

Government Intervention Essay Discuss the case for and against government intervention in an economy. In most of the countries, the government has intervened in the market system. To some extent there is a dire need of government intervention in the market system, although there is a debate over this point among the economists. Many economists believe that the role of government intervention improves the market system. The government can easily enforce the rules that can help in the smooth functioning of the market system. On the other hand, there are economists who believe that government interventions in a market system are the reason of inefficiency in the system. There are some goods that underprovided and underconsumed. Such goods are cold merit goods. They can be defined in terms of their externality effects and also in terms of informational problems facing the consumer. A merit good is a product that society values and judges that everyone should have regardless of whether an individual wants them. In this sense, the government is acting paternally in providing merit goods and services. They believe that individuals may not act in their own best interest in part because of imperfect information about the benefits that can be derived. Good examples of merit goods include health services, education, and work training programmes. Why does the government provide merit goods and services? * To encourage consumption so that some of the positive externalities associated with merit goods can be achieved * To overcome the information failures linked to merit goods, not least when the longer-term private benefit of consumption is greater than the shorter-term benefit of consumption * On grounds of equity – because the government believes that consumption should not be based solely on the grounds of ability to pay for a good or service Education is an example of a merit good. Education should provide a number of external benefits that might not be taken into account by the free market. These include rising incomes and productivity for current and future generations; an increase in the occupational mobility of the labour force which should help to reduce unemployment and therefore reduce welfare spending. However, there are some goods which are thought to be ‘bad’ for you. They are cold demerit goods. Examples include the costs arising from consumption of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs together with the social effects of addiction to gambling. The consumption of demerit goods can lead to negative externalities. The government seeks to reduce consumption of demerit goods. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities that these goods create – they have imperfect information about long-term damage to their own health. The government may decide to intervene in the market for demerit goods and impose taxes on producers and / or consumers. Higher taxes cause prices to rise and should lead to a fall in demand. However high taxes increase unemployment because firms may relocate abroad increases cost of production for firms making the less competitive to firms in another countries where no tax is applied. But many economists argue that taxation is an ineffective and inequitable way of curbing the consumption of drugs and gambling particularly for those affected by addiction. Banning consumption through regulation may reduce demand, but risks creating secondary (illegal) or underground markets in the product. Market failure with demerit goods – the free market may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption because the social cost is less then private cost. Consumers too may experience imperfect information about the long term costs to themselves of consuming products deemed to be demerit goods. The social optimal level of consumption would be Q3 – the output that takes into account the information failure of consumers and also the negative externalities. One way to solve this problem is to try to remove the information failure. Information deficits can often lead to a misallocation of resources and hence the possibility of market failure. Information failure occurs when people have inaccurate, incomplete, uncertain or misunderstood data and so make potentially ‘wrong’ choices. Government action can have a role in improving information to help consumers and producers value the ‘true’ cost and/or benefit of a good or service. Examples might include: * Compulsory labeling on cigarette packages with health warnings to reduce smoking * Improved nutritional information on foods to counter the risks of growing obesity * Anti speeding television advertising to reduce road accidents and advertising campaigns to raise awareness of the risks of drink-driving * Advertising health screening programmes / information campaigns on the dangers of addiction Another dvantage of government intervention is the national minimum wage. The national minimum wage was introduced into the UK in 1999. It is an intervention in the labour market designed to increase the pay of lower-paid workers and thereby influence the distribution of income in society. In October 2005, the value of the minimum wage for adults was ? 5. 05 – following a series of small increases over recent years. The main aims of the minimum wage 1. The equity justification: That every job should offer a fair rate of pay commensurate with the skills and experience of an employee 2. Labour market incentives: The NMW is designed to improve the incentives for people to start looking for work – thereby boosting the economy’s available labour supply 3. Labour market discrimination: The NMW is a tool designed to offset some of the effects of persistent discrimination of many low-paid female workers and younger employees A diagram showing the possible effects of a minimum wage is shown above. The market equilibrium wage for this particular labour market is at W1 (where demand = supply). If the minimum wage is set at Wmin, there will be an excess supply of labour equal to E3 – E2 because the supply of labour will expand (more workers will be willing and able to offer themselves for work at the higher wage than before) but there is a risk that the demand for workers from employers (businesses) will contract if the minimum wage is introduced. Although all political parties are now committed to keeping the minimum wage, there are still plenty of economists who believe that setting a pay floor represents a distortion to the way the labour market works because it reduces the flexibility of the labour market 1. Competitiveness and Jobs: Firstly a minimum wage may cost jobs because a rise in labour costs makes it more expensive to employ people and higher labour costs might damage the international competitiveness of British producers. To the extent that rising unemployment worsens the living standards of those affected it has a negative impact on poverty. 2. Effect on relative poverty: Is the minimum wage the most effective policy to reduce relative poverty? There is evidence that it tends to boost the incomes of middle-income households where more than one household member is lready in work whereas the greatest risk of relative poverty is among the unemployed, elderly and single parent families where the parent is not employed. Government intervenes to stabilise farmers income and reduce price fluctuations using buffer stock schemes. The prices of agricultural products tend to fluctuate more violently than the price of manufactured products and services. This is largely due to the volatility in the supply of agricultural products coupled with the fact that demand and supply are price inelastic. Buffer stock schemes seek to stabilise the market price of agricultural products by buying up supplies of the product when harvests are plentiful and selling stocks of the product onto the market when supplies are low. The supply curves S1 and S2 represent the supply of wheat at the end of two different seasons. Supply is perfectly inelastic since farmers cannot change the quantity supplied onto the market post harvest. The organisation wishes to keep price fluctuations within a certain band: it will not allow the price of the product to rise above P max or to fall below P min. Assume that in one particular year there is a bumper harvest so that S1 is supplied onto the market. In absence of any intervention the market price would drop below P min, so the organisation buys up AB of the product to increase the market price up to P min. In the next year bad weather may result in a poor harvest so that only S2 is supplied. The market price would rise above the maximum permitted by the organisation, so the organisation sells CD of its stocks onto the market to reduce the price to P max. In contrast buffer stocks do not often work well in practice. Perishable items can not be stored for long periods of time and can therefore be immediately ruled out of buffer stock schemes. There are also high administrative and storage costs to be considered. Also education or healh sphere can suffer. The economists have a mixed view about the importance and effects of government intervention in the market system, it can be said that government interventions should aim at working with the market system that is already existing rather than implementing policies that make great changes. If the government intervention is such that it introduces inefficiencies greater than rationalizing the entire market system, there is a threat of damaging the economy. The distorted government intervention can lead to consumer dissatisfaction and higher costs. Most of the economists are of the view that government interventions should be facilitating in nature rather than having a direct control over the market.

cars Essay -- essays research papers

History of Cars By Kenny Carroll Motor car, road vehicle which first appeared in the 19th Century. The steam propelled the first cars, but such vehicles were not a success and the age of the motor car really dates from the introduction of the petrol-driven horseless carriages of Gottfrield Daimler and Karl Benz (1885-86). The internal combustion engine for these cars had been developed earlier by several engineers, most notably by the German, Nickolaus Otto, in 1876. The main components of a motor car, from then till now, are a body or chassis to which are attached all other parts - including the engine or power plant, the transmission system for transferring the drive to the wheels, and the steering, braking and suspension mechanisms for guiding, stopping and supporting the car. A few experts assembled the first cars, but Henry Ford and R. E. Olds in the USA began modern mass-production in the early 1900s. By this means, the cost of a car was drastically reduced, and more people could afford done. In most modern ca r factories component parts are put together on assembly lines - slow-moving conveyor belts. Each worker usually has a specific task, example fitting doors or crankshafts. Bodies and engines are constructed on separate assembly lines, which converge when the engine is installed. Overhead rail conveyors move heavy components to and along the assembly lines, and lower them into position. At a later stage on the assembly line such items as lamps are fitted, and electrical, braking and control systems are tested. The fully assembled car is road tested before sale. The automobile was not invented overnight. It took shape from an accumulation of technical advances that resulted in a light and efficient engine. The accepted "fathers of the modern motor car" are two Germans, Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottfried Daimler (1834-1900), who built their first petrol-fuelled motor vehicles within a few months of each other (1885-6). More than a hundred years earlier, the first self-propelled road vehicle had rumbled through the streets of Paris at nearly 5km/h (3mph) when Nicolas Cugnot (1725-1804) demonstrated his steam-driven wagon. The German Nikolas Otto (1832-91) made the first four-stroke internal-combustion engine in 1876 and in 1885 Daimler had installed a small four-stroke engine in a cycle frame. He drove his first four-wheeled petrol-dr... ... the advantage somewhat. Diesel engines offer economies in fuel consumption at the expense of a loss in performance; they are particularly suited to frequent stop and start duties, and as a result are widely used in taxis, buses and lorries. The gas turbine, a completely different kind of engine, was first devised at the beginning of the twentieth century (1900s) and perfected in the 1930s. It usually has a single shaft carrying a series of propeller-like fans divided into two groups, the compressor and the turbine. In an operating gas turbine air is drawn in the compressor fans and its pressure increased. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignition takes place, further increasing temperatures and pressures. The burned mixture leaves the engine through the turbine, driving the blades round. The compressor, which is often driven directly by the turbine, takes up much of the power produced, but enough is left to make the gas turbine exceedingly powerful form of engine. Efficiencies are not high, but the good power-to-weight ratio of a gas turbine makes it suitable for aircraft propulsion. A gas turbine is about three times as powerful as a piston engine of the same weight.

Presidential Election of 1912 Essay

The election of 1912 followed a â€Å"great victory† for Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908) and a â€Å"drastic failure† for William Howard Taft (1908-1912), as seen through the eyes of the public. Both presidents represented the Republican Party, but before the elections of 1912 Roosevelt separated, along with his progressive Republicans and insurgents, and formed a new political party – The Progressive Party. Taft remained a Republican and his party mainly consisted of conservatives and â€Å"Old Guards†, as well as some less radical supporters of the Square Deal. During the same period, the Democratic convention nominated Woodrow Wilson, with the help of William Jennings Bryan, who belonged to the progressive wing. All candidates focused on the issues of regulating business, interstate commerce, and political reform. Wilson would go on to attack matters concerning the protective tariff, and the flaws in our nation’s banking system. Although Taft was not as active in ensuing the campaign, because of realization that he already lost public support, many of his ideas still remained in tact. William Howard Taft was a man our nation could trust. During his presidency in 1908, he had promised to address issues largely ignored by Roosevelt, and address them he did. The public may not have seen the actions he took as positive reforms, but when studied, it is almost too evident his presidency has lead to greater good than Roosevelt’s. He had prosecuted twice as many antitrust cases than Roosevelt. He had established the Tariff Board to investigate tariff rates, and began to shape this nation’s federal budget. Having served as a judge, whose greatest ambition was to sit on the Supreme Court, Taft can only be labeled a highly intelligent man who abides by the law, and so produces only in good for the Union. If elected, Taft would bring about more positive change concerning the tariff issue, and would do so under lawful means. If those who make the bills do so illegitimately, Taft would not recognize them and turn to his vetoing power as president. He believed in strong party ties, and so would make sure everyone in his Republican Party followed the laws made for the benefit of the public. Voting for Taft and his party would serve the country a greater benefit than popularly thought. Theodore Roosevelt cannot be forgotten however. He is the one who set the spark for reform. He is the one who stood up for the people through any means necessary. Roosevelt believed in the power of the people, and so would be needed in order to bring about a true democracy. He would give the people the voting power of initiative and referendum. He did not forget our mothers, and would support laws pro-woman suffrage. He believed in every man’s right to education, and would not deny our new generation what was rightly theirs, that is why he and his Progressive Party would stand up for child labor prohibition. Another program of his progressive package was revision of the currency system, to help our nation’s economy, and thus help our nation’s markets and people. Business had been avoiding the law for far too long, and Roosevelt knew it was time to bring about business regulation. The only way to do this would be if his Party was â€Å"as strong as a bull mooseâ € , and looking back to his previous presidency in 1901, it is not difficult to see that happening. Woodrow Wilson was another candidate for the public. His party, although split between Democratic conservatives and progressives, would act progressive as a whole, due to the majority’s desire for reform and the Democratic necessity to get back into the House. Wilson was a man of integrity, whose previous careers proved this. Eight years as president of Princeton University, he raised standards, improved teaching, and further instilled pragmatic ideology. As governor of New Jersey, he fought political bosses who sought personal gains and wealth, opposite to the interests of the people. He would indeed follow by the principles of his political platform – The New Freedom, in which he viewed monopolies as evil, hurtful to society, and a destruction of free competition. As an advocate against trusts and for competition, he would certainly lower tariff rates, opening the American market to foreign products, and at the same time opening foreign markets to American goods. Another part of his reform program, the revision of the baking and currency system, would help the economy by providing business with cheaper and more flexible credit. With all these reform programs, plus Wilson’s well known ambition for achievement at high office, it is not difficult to see this man and his party as a successful  stepping stone for our nation as a whole. As it turned out, Wilson did receive the Presidency in 1912, but it seemed the people were almost equally divided three ways. Because of the split in the Republican vote though, Wilson carried more states and became President. As soon as Roosevelt left the Republicans and formed his own party, Taft knew the Democrats would hold the majority of electoral votes. It seems each candidate would have been an able president, but Wilson was without a doubt the best candidate. Taft’s party was left with a majority of conservatives who would hold power in various offices, and try their best to outwit the public in their own favor. Roosevelt’s party, although funded adequately by wealthy business people pro-reform, was full of amateurs who knew little about politics and its system. Woodrow Wilson’s party was the best, because of their experience in politics and platform for reform.

NCTM standards for elementary school mathematics Essay

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is a teacher support organization to improve the learning standards of mathematics and ensuring equitable access to quality mathematics teaching and learning, the organization is focused on research, professional development, advocacy, equity and curriculum instruction and assessment. The council developed ten standards based on the mathematical content and processes, according to Bassarear,(2007), those based on mathematical content include Number and Operations, Algebra, Geometry, Measurement, and Data Analysis and Probability, while the standards based on processes are Problem Solving, Reasoning and Proof, Communication, Connections, and Representation. The strands are applicable in different levels of elementary education. The strands developed are founded on the six principles of Curriculum, Equity, Learning, Assessment, Teaching and Technology and articulate that Number and Operations which is concerned with creating and enlarging understanding of whole numbers as this is elemental requisite in mathematics. Geometry is concerned with recognizing shapes and recounting spatial relationships that exist, it deals with analyzing characteristics and attributes of two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes, geometry also is concerned with creating mathematical opinions concerning geometric relationships, such as locations, symmetry, transformations, visualization and coordinate geometry. Measurement is another standard which is concerned with terms of discovering assessable attributes and evaluating objects by using these attributes. Data analysis and probability is concerned with application of data management and probability techniques, such as data collection, organization, data analyses, sorting and using inferences. The other standards are problem solving where students should be able to derive solutions of problems, Reasoning and Proof where the answers to the problems can be verified by mathematical means, Communication in terms of conversing the answers derived and methodology used, Connections in establishing relationship between different mathematical techniques and representation where students should be able to represent the problems and the solutions. While the proposed standards have been faced with controversies, they have supported immensely the regulation of elementary schools mathematics in United States and Canada. References Bassarear, Tom. (2007). Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.

Food types in Lebanon Essays

Food types in Lebanon Essays Food types in Lebanon Essay Food types in Lebanon Essay Good food is like music you can taste, color you can smell. There is excellence all around you. You need only to be aware to stop and savor it. Eating is something people do when theyre bored, hungry, tired, and pretty much always. But why dont we get tired of always eating the exact same thing? Each country has its own cuisine, each cuisine made up of many different types of food, allowing us to have hundreds and thousands of different and delicious food to eat. American cuisine is mostly made of meat-based and fast food. Known for their Juicy burgers, New York style pizza, barbeque steaks, fried chicken, and apple pie topped with whipped cream, Americans have the unhealthiest and most fattening cuisine in the world, which explains why most Americans are obese. But other than being unhealthy, American food is loved by many people all around the world. Theyre bland and typically full of fat and sugar, which makes them taste good. Stick a straw into a root beer or bite into a double cheeseburger and suddenly for a brief second you could be in a bar in California. American food is like an escape from the healthy and well-balanced Lebanese food we always consume. Long ago, Chinese food was merely egg rolls and noodles, nothing fancy to be even considered as a cuisine, but over the years, ideas of what Chinese food really had expanded. The dishes range from chunks of peppery chicken to sweet and sour shrimps with fried vegetables. Not to forget the success of Chinese noodles, from large egg noodles to thin angel noodles. The Chinese cuisine spread from country to country, until it became a globally known and loved food. : The diversity in their dishes and the different tastes are both reasons why Lebanese love them so much. Thankfully for us, Chinese restaurants can be found almost in any region in Lebanon. Such a creative and delicious cuisine cannot be found in any other culture. The smell of fresh basil, the taste of Margherita pizzas, the soft silky texture of freshly cooked pasta: Italians really have a way of making food sound fancy and delicious. Theyre known for their use of fresh ingredients and many different kinds of herbs. Italians dont have a set of rules to abide by, they add whatever feels right and improvise, and usually end up with creative and different dishes. This resulted to all the diversities in their food. For example, there are many different types of pizzas, ranging from vegetarian and Hawaiian ones to pepperoni and meatball and chicken ones. They are also known for their ice cream, known there as Gelato, which has many delicious and complex flavors, such as cinnamon vanilla and nutty caramel. Food types in Lebanon By talyneee

5 Easy Activities for Teaching Point of View

5 Easy Activities for Teaching Point of View The perspective from which a story is told is called  its point of view.  Understanding point of view helps students effectively analyze literature,  improves their critical thinking skills, helps them  understand the author’s purpose, and increases their ability to recognize potential bias. Types of Point of View First person: The main character is telling the story. Uses words such as I, we, and me.Second person: The author is telling the story directly to the reader. Uses words such as you and your.Third person: The author is telling the story, but is not part of it. Uses words such as he, she, and they. Some third-persons narrators are all-knowing, but others have limited knowledge. Types of Point of View Children’s books can make an excellent option for teaching point of view for all grade levels because they often offer concise examples. The three main types of point of view are: First person. A  first person point of view story  is written as if it is being told by the main character and  uses words such as I, we, and me. Two examples are Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Seuss, or I Love You, Stinky Face by Lisa McCourt. Second person. A story told from the second person point of view puts the reader in the action by using words such as you and your. It can be found in titles such as The Monster at the End of This Book by Jon Stone or If You Give a Mouse a Cookie by Laura Numeroff. Third person. Stories written in third person show an outsider’s point of view using  words such as he, she, and they. Books written  in third person  include Stephanie’s Ponytail by Robert Munsch or Officer Buckle and Gloria by Peggy Rathman. There are two different ways third person books may be written:  omniscient and limited. Sometimes, third person point of view  is broken  down further to objective point of view in which the author acts only as a narrator. This style is prevalent in many fairy tales.  Ã‚   In a book using omniscient point of view, the author writes from an outsider’s point of view but  offers  the perspective of multiple characters.  Blueberries for Sal by Robert McCloskey is one example. A third person limited point of view tale is written  from an outsider’s perspective, but the reader only follows the story based on what the main character knows. Harold and the Purple Crayon  by Crockett Johnson or  Bread and Jam for Frances by Russell Hoban are two  examples. Using a Point of View Anchor Chart Anchor charts are visual aids to helps students work more independently. As an instructor teaches a lesson, the core concepts and relevant facts are added to the chart. The completed anchor chart provides students with a resource to which they can refer if they have difficulty remembering the steps or concepts of a lesson. A point of view anchor chart reminds students of the different point of view types with keywords and phrases and examples of the pronouns used to indicate each type. For example, a student reading If You Give a Mouse a Cookie reads the line, â€Å"If you give a mouse a cookie, he’s going to ask for a glass of milk. When you give him the glass of milk, he’ll probably ask for a straw.† He sees the keyword â€Å"you† that indicates that the author is addressing the reader. Based on the anchor chart keywords, the student  identifies the book’s point of view as  second person. Point of View Scavenger Hunt Help students become adept at correctly identifying point of view with a scavenger hunt. Visit the library or bookstore or provide a wide assortment of children’s books in the classroom. Give students a sheet of paper and a pencil. Instruct them to work on their own or in small groups, searching for at least one example (and listing its  title and author) of a book for each point of view type. Pronoun Perspective This hands-on activity will  help students gain a more concrete understanding of the three main points of view. First, divide a whiteboard into three sections: 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person. Next, select one student to perform an everyday activity, such as making a sandwich. The student will narrate each step using first-person pronouns as he completes it. For example, â€Å"I am placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Write the student’s sentence in the 1st person column.  Then, choose other students to restate the same sentence in 2nd and 3rd person, writing their sentences in the appropriate column. Second person: â€Å"You are placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Third person:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He is placing two slices of bread on a plate.† Repeat the process for all steps of making a sandwich. Point of View Flip Help students understand how point of view changes a story. First, read or tell the traditional story of  The Three Little Pigs.  Discuss with students how the story would  change if it were being told in first person by  one of the pigs or the wolf, rather than being told in third person.   The third pig wouldn’t know anything that  happened before his brothers arrived, breathless, at his door. Is he relieved that he can help his brothers? Angry that they led the wolf to his house? Proud that his home is the strongest? After your discussion, read The True Story of the Three Little Pigs by Jon Scieszka, which relates the tale from the wolf’s point of view. Comparing Points of View Another way to help students understand point of view is to choose a book that tells the same story from multiple points of view, such as Voices in the Park by Anthony Brown. (Older students may enjoy using  Wonder by R.J. Palacio for this activity.) Read the book. Then, use a Venn diagram to compare the differences and similarities of the events based on two or more characters’ points of view.

Internship SWOT analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internship SWOT analysis paper - Essay Example One of the key strengths within the sales and marketing department is the strong marketing team that employs the digital tools of marketing. As a result, the company has benefited from an expansive market segment resulting to high sales. As the result of the increased revenue, the company has been able to expand its operations in the local markets. Similarly, the experienced marketing managers within the sales department have effectively handled all the issues ranging from employees welfare to customer complaints. In turn, there has been a strong positive relationship between the workers and their team leaders. However, there has been no adequate training of the sales executives a fact that has been noted as one of the weaknesses of this department (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). Within the Finance and Accounting department, the company employs computerized accounting packages including the QuickBooks and Sage. As a result, paper work within the department has greatly been reduced. Based on the haste and effectiveness of the modern accounting systems that the department has employed, it has been possible to easily compute the sales executive’s commissions and deductions. A notable weakness of the Finance and Accounting department is that very few employees know how to use the accounting packages they are using. As a result, during the days when the accounting package users are not at work, the company operations are negatively affected. One of the major strengths in the management section is the experienced and motivated human resources. Having worked in well known fashion companies in US including Acushnet Company, American Eagle Outfitters and The North Face, the management team has gained adequate experience that it uses to streamline the activities of BB Company. However, the management failure to involve the employees in decision making process and lack of regular workers evaluation are notable weaknesses within the department of management. This has

FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FAMILY LAW - Essay Example Alternatively, you may also be eligible for a lump sum payment and an equitable distribution of assets on a mathematical basis, although the Court is likely to take into consideration the fact that your husband is the legal titleholder of the property you now live in. I present below, for your information, an assessment of ancillary relief that you may be eligible for in the event that you choose to divorce your husband. Firstly, I would like to bring to your notice that one of the objectives of modern law in the case of a breakdown of a marriage between two parties is to achieve a clean break and â€Å"encourage each to put the past behind †¦. and to begin a new life which is not overshadowed by the relationship which has broken down.†1 This would appear to be the best solution and perhaps in your case, after your discovery of your husband’s adultery, you may be keen to pursue a clean break from him and look for a financial settlement that would ensure such an end. However, in your case, there are two small children involved2, who are only six and two years old. The welfare of your children is at stake so the Court may not necessarily allow a clean break from your husband, since your children need continued maintenance and your husband, as the earning member of the family, will need to contribute monies towards their continued maintenance, as well as providing for your upkeep, especially if your primary function is that of taking care of your children. As a result, your husband as the earning parent will be responsible for paying maintenance to you for looking after the children3. In some instances the Courts have not allowed maintenance when a pressing need does not exist or where the parties are only cohabiting4, as was the case with your husband and Sandra Quartro. However in your case, since you are married and are employed full time in taking care of the children who are very small, you may be eligible for maintenance

Server Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Server - Essay Example The computer network should also be secured from damages that may result from physical factors and dangers caused by computer virus. Thus, network security is extremely essential in any company; the chief information officer should be aware of how to ensure network security. There are several ways in which unauthorized users can gain access to the peer-to-peer networks in a company. First, they can access the peer networks by using any of the networked computers to type a unique username as well as password. This can be prevented by making sure that the networked computers cannot be accessed physically. To achieve this, the BIOS security should be enabled; this makes sure that the user sets an access name and password for the computers (Maiwald, 2003). Maiwald (2003) asserts that hackers and other unauthorized users can gain access to a company’s sever-based network by using the name and password of another person. In such a case, passwords should be changed on a regular basis, and they should not also be written down. This way, it will be extremely difficult for unauthorized users to access the company’s network. Data encryption can also be used to ensure that the network is secure and not accessible to unauthorized persons. Data should be encrypted before sending it onto the network. This way, the data will become unreadable even by a person who may attempt to tap the cable and read the data when it passes over the network. Upon arrival at the proper computer, the code designed to decipher encrypted data divides it into bits. The code then translates the bits into information that can be understood (Gollmann, 2011). According to Brown (2000), the network infrastructure of a company should also be protected from computer viruses which may infect the operating systems and files. Viruses can be transmitted through direct cable connection, floppy disks or CDs. Other means in which viruses can be transmitted include electronic ways such as through

A Business Plan For Nivea For Men Marketing Essay

A Business Plan For Nivea For Men Marketing Essay Mens grooming industry is one of the fastest growing markets in recent years (Euromonitor International: Mens Grooming Products Thailand, 2009). This sector is dramatically booming in Asian countries, especially Thailand. One of the leading brands in mens grooming market in Thailand is NIVEA FOR MEN brand, operated by Beiersdorf Thailand, which is selected to be the case study in this research. To be the leading brand in this fast growing industry, NIVEA FOR MEN needs to create business plan with a very strong strategic marketing plan. In general, a business sets the overall direction for the company through a business plan. The business plan is created in order that the goals and objectives of the company are to be achieved. In other words, goals and objectives of a business are the underlying foundation of the business plan (The times 100, 2008). The marketing plan is certainly a vital part of the business plan and plays active roles to achieve the targets. The strategic marketing planning process flows from a mission and vision statement to the selection of target markets, and the formulation of specific marketing mix and brand or product positioning objective (RESTREPO, N.A.). Moreover, Kotler (1994) presents the organization as a value creation and delivery sequence. To choose the value, the strategist needs to proceed to segment the market, select an appropriate market target, and develop the offers value positioning, which is known as a vital strategy of Market-oriented perspective. It seems to be unavoidable that Beiersdorf Thailand has to come up with the marketing strategies to penetrate and to be the leader in mens grooming market by doing the right segmentation, selecting the best-suited target markets, and creating the competitive brand/product positioning. In sum, the formula of segmentation, targeting, positioning, STP strategies, is the heart of strategic marketing (Kotler, 1994). The literature review is divided into two main parts. The first part focuses on the previous work on market-oriented approach, as opposed to resource-base view perspective. The second part covers the relevant work on the process of segmentation, targeting, and positioning as well as implementation of the marketing strategy. Part 1: Market-oriented perspective and Resource-based view perspective Part 2: Three essentially related topics Market Segmentation Market Targeting Market Positioning Part 1: Market-oriented perspective and Resource-based perspective This part will specifically study on market-oriented perspective, which underlies a market power imperative, through previous academic research. There are many studies about the implication of resource-based view and market-oriented perspective for a company to be successful in terms of profitability. Also, there are discussions about what perspective is the appropriate one. According to Porter (1991), a successful company has to use market-oriented approach to study the external market and then apply to internal resources. Market orientation , according to Kohli and Jaworski (1990), requires various departments in an organization to engage in activities geared towards developing an understanding of customers needs, and then develop the products to meet target customers needs (Hooley et al., 2008). In addition, Porters (1991) work relies heavily on the pursuit of advantages which are determined by firms exogenous variables that require analysis of the competitors and opportunities in the market. In Porters (1991) theory of competition strategy, he stated that the competition strategy of a firm is to seek an advantageous competitive position in the marketplace or to build up a profitable market position by drawing on varieties of factors that are critical to being competitive in an industrial sector. Following the Porters work, a recent research from Ren, Xie, and Krabbendam (2010) also studied the sustainable competitive advantage with the market-oriented perspective, which covered market innovation. Their work strongly supported the use of market-oriented perspective, with the conclusion that market-oriented approach can lead companies to success and gain more profits. Additionally, they suggested that companies analyse various marketing factors to discover new competitive advantages in order to achieve marketing innovation. However, Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and Sharkie (2003) undertake different perspective by arguing that external focus, in the view of market orientation, which requires the company to concentrate on conditions and constraints in the external environment cannot create competitive advantage for a company. Nonetheless, the resource-based view approach is believed to somehow lead to competitive advantages as it suggests that a firms unique resources and capabilities provide the basis for a strategy. In a previous study, Grant (1991) proposed a practical framework for resource-based approach to strategy formulation. The organizing framework for his study is a five-stage procedure for strategy formulation which are 1) analysing the firms resource-base, 2) appraising the firms capabilities, 3) analysing the profit-earning potential of firms resources and capabilities, 4) selecting a strategy, and 5) extending and upgrading the firms pool of resources and capabilities. Ren, Xie, and Krabbendam, (2010) had a reservation on the use of resource-base view, explaining that resources would contribute to sustainable competitive advantage just when a firm possesses valuable, scarce, inimitable and irreplaceable resources. They stated that in the real world, not every company has the resources with all of those characteristics (Ren, Xie, and Krabbendam, 2010). Part 2: The Process of Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning 2.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION 2.1.1 Definition of Market Segmentation Market segmentation is defined as the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions (Rosscraig, 2007). As the market consists of diverse types of products, customers, and personnel needs, the marketers should divide the market into distinct group of buyers in order to appropriately determine which market segment offers the best opportunity for achieving company objectives. Perner (2008) indicated that it is very unlikely that one product could meet the satisfaction of all consumers. In this perspective, a company which chose to focus on a specific group of consumers rather than customers in general would be more successful in terms of profitability. Dibb (1998) suggested that companies divide large markets into smaller segments in order to identify customers purchasing behaviors. Furthermore, Brassington and Pettitt (2003) also suggested that marketers find ways of breaking the market down into manageable parts, groups of customers with similar characteristics in terms of commonly used classifications to measure demographics, which include socio-economics, geographic and personality, and to concentrate their efforts on selecting one or more of these areas. While various literatures stated that it is essential to consider the market segmentation, MC Donald (1998) argued that market segmentation always faced the problem that many different types of customers used the same products in diverse markets. It meant that these different types of customers were in fact subsumed under the same category. Besides, Moschis (1997) also stated the problems of segmentation that the demographics change and the aging of the population change were significant factors that affected the age composition of the consumer market. Day and Wensley (1983) criticised that the market segmentation relating to the consumer market sector alone was not sufficient as it generally reflected the one-sidedness of marketing. The competitive structure was to be taken into account as it yielded the basic information on segment formation. The research from Day and Wensley (1983) concluded that the formation and selection of segments could be improved if theoretical aspects of competitor orientation are included. Dibb (1997) outlined three condition classifications which help identify potential consumers in each segment; those are as follows The expected benefits must be identifiable; Having identified these benefits, marketers must divide people into recognisable segments; One or more of the resulting segments must be accessible to the firms marketing efforts. 2.1.3 Segmentation Variables/ Market Segmentation in Consumer Markets To segment consumer markets, the market information, in terms of customer variables, product variables, and situation related variables, must be collected for further analysis. In the study of The Application of Social Class in Market Segmentation, Carman (1965) stated that social class was a major segmentation variable to divided customers into groups. However, later on in 1994, Raaij and Verhallen argued that social class cannot be used as a main segmentation variable as the society had become less vertically organised with more buying power across larger layer of society, and also concluded that social class concept had lost its unique segmentation value. They claimed that other demographic variables, such as age and education, and other psychological characteristics were more appropriate for segmentation. Raaij and Verhallen (1994)s research studied the market segments and types of people as target groups for marketing activities; market segmentation is then classified into three main levels according to the level of generality of the variables which were general, domain-specific, and brand-specific levels (figure [2-1]). Level of Variable Objective Subjective General (behavioural patterns: Person characteristics) Age Income Education Behavioural patterns General values Lifestyle Personality Domain-specific (product-class usage) Situation Frequency of use Substitution Behaviour Opinions Perception Attitude Domain-specific values Brand-specific (brand-usage) Brand loyalty (behavior) Frequency of use Action Brand Loyalty (attitude) Preference Evaluation Purchase intention Figure [2-1]: Classification of Segmentation Variables by Raaij and Verhallen (1994) However, in the late of 2000s, Rosscraig (2007) suggested that media usage and technology usage could be a concern of market segmentation approach (See Appendix [2-1]). He stated that the variables used in segmenting consumer markets could be broadly divided into three main classes including: Profile criteria: Background customer characteristics Psychological criteria: customer attitudes Behavioral criteria: Actual behavior in the market place (Figure [2-1]). Consumer Criteria Profile Psychological Behavioural Demographic Socio-economic Geographic Who and Where Lifestyle Personality Perceptions Attitudes Motives Benefit sought Why and Who Purchase/transaction Consumption/ usage Media usage Technology usage Who, How, Where, and When Figure [2-2]: Segmentation criteria in consumer markets Profile Criteria With respect to profile criteria, customer characteristics are to be examined with isolation from the specific market of interest. The profile segmentation criterion is used for identiflying the target consumers and in the consumer goods markets which are most suitable to them (Rosscraig, 2007). According to Rosscraig (2007), this simple segmentation variable includes using demographic method, socio-economic method, and geographic method. Demographic method can be determined by age, gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion, family size, generation, and etc. This method is useful in assisting media planning and marketing communications as the media selection criteria have been developed around these variables. Socio-economic method can be shaped by occupation, income level, social class, and education. Socio-economic status determines whether a consumer will be able to afford a product. Geographic location method is shaped by geographical areas; markets can be considered by country or region, by town or size of city, by population density such as urban, suburban, or rural areas, or by postcode. This approach is useful when there are clear location differences in tastes, consumption, and preferences. Moreover, this method is widely applied with direct sales operations as they can use census information to develop better customer segmentation and predictive models. The profile segmentation approach is criticised in respect of uncertainly. While one segment is based on consumer background characteristics, members of each variable may behave differently in the marketplace for various reasons while members in the different segments may seek for the same things and have the same interest in a particular product/brand (Hooley et al., 2008). In shorts, this type of segmentation variable describes who and where the consumers are, but it does not explain the basic reasons why consumers behave so. Psychological Criteria The psychological criteria draw a casual relationship between customer profiles and marketing behavior (Hooley et al., 2008). The psychological variable includes the characteristics of attitude of the customers. Attitudes to the product class and attitudes toward brands in the market have both been used as productive bases for market segmentation (Hooley et al., 2008). According to Rosscraig (2007), psychological variables used for segmenting consumer product markets include using attitudes and perceptions, lifestyle of consumers, and the types of benefit sought by customers from products and brands and their consumption choices. The use of attitudes and perceptions aims at identifying segments of respondents who view the products on offer in a similar way (Green et al., 1989). Consumer lifestyles segmentation is based on the analysis of consumers activities, interactions with others, and opinions to understand consumers individual lifestyles and patterns of behavior (Hooley et al., 2008). In 2003, Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS) developed a UK Lifestyle Typology based on lifestyles and classified the following types of lifestyle categories which are belonger, survivor, experimentalist, conspicuous consumer, social resistor, self-explorer, and the aimless (Rosscraig, 2007). The most important benefits of consumer lifestyle research are for guiding the creative content of advertising (Hooley et al., 2008). The main idea of the benefit segmentation is that the company should provide customers with exactly what they want, based on the benefits that they derive from the products that they use, not based on how the company designs products for them (Rosscraig, 2007). According to Hooley et al. (2008) benefit segmentation tells the basic reasons why customers buy the products and why customers are attracted to the product offerings. Holley (1982) also suggested that the development in techniques of analysis make them particularly suitable for identifying benefit segments (Hooley, 1982). Overall, segmentation on the basis of psychological yields more useful basis for marketing strategy development than merely consumer profile characteristics (Hooley et al., 2008). It gets closer to the underlying reasons for behavior of consumers, so it should be used as the basis for segmenting the market (Hooley et al., 2008). However, there are some major drawbacks of Psychological segmentation techniques, one of which is that this techniques require often costly primary research and sophisticated data analysis techniques (Hooley et al., 2008). Behavioral criteria Doing segmentation on the basis of the behavior of consumers in the market is the most direct method of segmenting markets. Behavioral segmentation includes purchase behavior, consumption behavior, media usage and technology usage (Rosscraig, 2007). Purchase behavior approach concentrates on the time of purchase which is early or late in the products overall life cycle, and the patterns of purchase which is the identification of brand-loyal customers. This approach could concentrate on innovator segmentation, concerning with initial purchase. Marketers will pay high attention to innovator groups when new products are launched. Innovators as initial target segments can improve the products chances of acceptance on the market (Hooley et al., 2008). In addition, brand loyalty has been widely used as a basis for segmentation, concerning with the repeat purchasing (Hooley et al., 2008). A company may segment a market on the basis of how often a customer uses its products, categorizing these into high, medium, and low users, by usage rate (Rosscraig, 2007). The examination of usage patterns and volume consumed can pinpoint where to focus marketing activity and can be used to develop service specifications or marketing mixes for each of these groups of users (Hooley et al., 2008). Cook and Mindak (1984) have shown that product and brand usage has a major advantage over many other situation-specific segmentation variables as it can be obtained, in case of many consumer products, from secondary sources. It is very essential to understand and profile audience media usage in the process of communication planning (Chatterjee, Hoffman, and Novak (1998). Since 1950s the information of media consuming, such as television viewing, radio listening, and print reading, have been continuously collected. And in more recent years, web usage data has also been collected by market researchers to help profile web users, basing on usage characteristics (Rosscraig, 2007) (See Appendix [2-2]). Furthermore, according to Olney, Holbrook, and Batra (1991) and Holbrook and Gardners (1993), duration of use is critical measure of consumption experiences and is a useful behavioral indicator of advertising effects (See Appendix [2-3]). By following this method of segmenting, marketers can observe the behavior of consumers while utilising the products and media, and this segmentation can be used as an important source for new products ideas, new product design, and product development (Rosscraig, 2007). Additionally, marketers can then create appropriate communication themes for product promotion and can specify new markets for existing products after having the right behavioral segmentation. In recent years, behavioral segmentation has become more popular as marketers tend to study the consumers media usage and technology usage in order to further create successful advertising campaigns. To support this, it was asserted by Advertising.com(TM), Inc., a leading provider of results-based interactive marketing services to advertisers and publishers, (2004), that behavioral segmentation helped improve advertising campaign performance by revealing that targeting campaign delivery based on real-time user behaviour increases advertisers ROI by reaching the audience segments most likely to respond to an ad message. Moreover, Hallerman (2004), a senior analyst at e-Marketer, a New York-based research company, stated that the logic behind behavioural segmentation and targeting gets to the heart of the internets potential as an advertising medium. His opinion is hereby quoted: In todays world of audience fragmentation, its much more effective to reach individuals not by abstract demographics but through their actions online. 2.1.4 Segmentation in Male Grooming Products According to Mintel (1995), a study about mens toiletries industry, male grooming products and toiletries is a fast growing industry. In 1980s, the market of male grooming products started to be segmented with the development of products types, including male body spray and shower cream (Sturrock et al., 1998). According to Sturrock et al. (1998), in 1998, the market of mens products were divided into different categories of products based on consumers needs and uses, including body sprays, deodorants, mens shaving, fragrances, shampoo, shower cream, etc. Dunn (1995) and White (1995) studied characteristics of men who use male grooming products and concluded that men used grooming products as they want to increase self-care practice and self-concept. Moreover, Langer (1986) has prior stated that using mens grooming products helps encourage a concern to stay attractive. For consumer products, Milner and Fodness (1996) has done a research on product gender perception and concluded that specific gender of the products is critically important to the consumers when deciding to buy a particular product. In the segmentation process, Milner and Fodness (1996) claimed that gender is the first segmentation variable that most marketers apply for consumer products. The reason behind is that both men and women want to use the products that were specifically made for them. According to Milner and Fodness (1996), many consumers clearly are psychologically uncomfortable using products which do not seem made for them. Therefore, many companies, particularly manufacturers of consumer products, divided consumers into segments by using gender variables. In skin care industries, products are conventionally made for women. However, in the post modern era, a lot of skin care products are launched to serve male consumers (Sturrock et al., 1998). The products for male consumers are launched as a result of segmentation strategy which companies divide its consumer market into two broad categories, male and female markets. The benefit sought variable is also one of the best ways for companies to segment its market. This statement is supported by Kotler (1997) and Wedel and Kamakura (1998), stating that the real features of products have been considered the most actionable bases for segmentation. It is critically important that consumer products must offer real benefits to users to create product positioning (Blythe, 2005). In men face care market, companies and brands always divided consumers segments based on products features. For example, NIVEA FOR MEN offers wide ranges of facial cleansers with benefits of whitening, oil-control, wrinkle protection, refreshing skin, and moisturizing effects (Nivea Website, 2010). Loreal Men Expert offers benefits for facial cleansers which are whitening, anti-tightness, anti-fatigue, pure matte oil control, anti-regreasing (Loreal website, 2010). There are some researches showing that competitive brands have similar ways of segmentation (Dawes, 2006, and Fennell et al., 2003). In other words, competitive brands often appeal to consumers who have similar demographic or psychographic characteristics. Moreover, Ehrenberg et al. (2004) supported this statement by stating that different brands in the same product category tend to offer a similar range of product variants. 2.1.5 Loyalty Segmentation and Relationship Segmentation A focus on Loyalty segmentation provides strategic and tactic insights that will assist in building a strong brand (Aaker, 1996). It is necessary to build customer loyalty as it is a key success of growth for a business (Crosby et al., 2004). By having loyalty segmentation, a company can learn more about the profiles of loyal customers, and this leads to the focus at the highest value segment (Markey et al., 2007). Crosby et al. (2004) stated that the purpose of the loyalty-based segmentation is to seek to address the managerial questions as follows. Who are the most/least potential customers? How can customers be segmented according to the types of relationships they would like to have with the product/brand/company? Which loyalty segment should be targeted? What changes are required to instill the highest levels of loyalty among the targets? Crosby et al. (2004) affirm that loyalty-based segmentation is the complement of existing segmentation frameworks and it can also be used to discover new segmentation frameworks by starting with customer loyalty research. According to Aaker (1996), in focus of the loyalty segmentation, a market can be divided into the following groups. Non-customers: those who buy competitor brands or not product class users, Price switchers: those who are price sensitive, The passively loyal: those who buy out of habit rather than reasons, Fence sitters: those who are indifferent between two or more brands, and The committed: those who are committed to the brand, or a loyal customer. Loyalty segmentation can be very successful when the company can increase the number of customers who are not price switchers and who would pay more to use the brand while the fence sitter and the committed should be critically managed (Aaker, 1996). Especially in high competitive markets, companies should exercise best efforts to enhance the loyalty of the fence sitters and the committed by developing and strengthening the relationship between customers and the brand (Aaker, 1996 and Drypen, 2010). Research from Raaij and Verhallen (1994) indicates that the company should also segment its market by loyalty segmentation method. The results of the research shows that the company should move customers from the lowest level of loyalty pyramid which is overall total potential customers to the highest level which is the heavy buyers. The major marketing strategy is to increase the frequency and intensity of their purchases and to take measures to maintain customers for as long as possible (Raaij and Verhallen, 1994). This also highly relates to the relationship marketing which develop relationship between buyers and brand to stimulate purchasing. 2.2 MARKET TARGETING 2.2.1 Definition of Targeting The next step of the market segmentation in STP process is market targeting. It is the process of determining which segments should be targeted and made the focus of a comprehensive marketing programme. Moreover, in the process of market targeting, a group of customers are identified for whom the offering should be right, and to whom firms will direct the majority of its marketing resources, time, and attention (Cahill, 1997). Choosing the target market, before creating positioning and marketing mix, is a part of developing effective marketing strategy. In order to target the right group of customers, the firm has to study the needs and buying behaviours of customers in each segment. Then the firm will be able to develop marketing strategies that suit requirements of each segment. According to Cahill (1997), a target market is simply the market of submarket at which the firm aims its marketing messages. By specifying customer targets, the company will also know which segments are not the target groups so that the company will not make special effort to serve them. Cahill (1997) said that market targeting is essential because it forces the company to focus at the customers and the markets by determining the best fits between target customers and the product offerings. Kotler and Armstrong (2001) suggested that a firm make the decision how many and which segments to target in their market positioning and its decision should be based on a clear understanding of companys resources and capabilities, nature of the competition, and the characteristics of the market. The company should evaluate market segments by first collecting and analysing data on current segment sales, growth rates, and then determine which segment can constantly enable the company to receive the greatest opportunities in terms of profitability and market demands in order to target main customers. However, Wright (1996) denied statement of validity of market targeting by claiming that there was no logical reason to adopt target marketing. Wright and Esslemont (1994) studied the logical formulations of the target marketing argument and summarised that target marketing did not necessarily give the best overall market response and also does not constantly give superior return than other approaches such as mass marketing. The two main targeting strategies are suggested by Dibb (1997). They are concentration strategy, and multi-segment strategy. Concentration strategy is defined as a process that a company manages its marketing efforts towards a single target. When targeting to one single segment, a firm can better satisfy target customers needs and requirement. However, this strategy is not always effective and the company may face business failure if target customers demand for the products decline or shift to other segments Multi-segment strategy is described as a strategy that a company directs its market efforts towards two or more market targets. The company should then develop appropriate marketing mix to suit each type of target groups, by all together considering product diferrentiation, target price, distribution method, and promotional strategies. In brief, the step of the selection of the potential target market is very critical in creating and developing comprehensive marketing strategy. The robust competitive positioning will then be developed after the market targets are clearly identified and the requirements and motivations are fully examined. 2.2.3 Doing Targeting in Different Market Environment Marketers have to decide whether to target single segment or multiple segments in the product market; there are several factors affecting the managements targeting strategy decisions, including stage of maturity, industry structure, companys capabilities and resources, and opportunities for gaining competitive advantage (Cravens, and Piercy, 2009). The maturity is used as a basis for considering different targeting situations; the market target strategy will be varied in each market environment or stage of product-market maturity. Four different product-market stages, closely related to product life cycle (PLC) stages, include emerging product-market, growing product-market, mature product-market, and declining product-market. The strategists can use product life cycle model to analyse the maturity stage of the products and also industries in order to develop the strategies that should be implemented. Growing product-market Source: Spencer (2009) According to Cravens, and Piercy (2009), segments are likely to be found in the stage of growth in the product life cycle, as identifying customer segments with similar value requirements improves targeting. In growth stage of product life cycle, consumers tend to gain awareness of products and to understand the benefits of the product, and company will likely to expect a rapid sales growth and will also try to build brand loyalty and increase market share (Spencer, 2009). High growth markets is very attractive, therefore it can attract a lot of competitors who want to compete for market shares. Cravens, and Piercy (2009) revealed their finding about the market structure that at the growth stage, existing companies tend to enter new product-market as they have capabilities and resources to support the market entry,